The short version of ACTH(4-10) fits in a sentence. The long version — which is the one that helps — is below.
This page was last updated on 2025-08-26 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
The C-terminal Pro-Gly-Pro extension is not incidental. Proline-rich tails are known to resist several common peptidases, and the published literature attributes the longer half-life of Semax, relative to unmodified ACTH fragments, to this feature. The modification also removes the melanocyte-stimulating and corticosteroidogenic activity that characterizes longer ACTH-derived sequences. Because the molecule is small and hydrophilic, it is typically formulated as an aqueous solution for intranasal or parenteral delivery. Acetylation or amidation at the termini appears in closely related research peptides and shifts the mass by a fixed increment.
Reported pharmacological work centers on neurotrophic signaling, including changes in BDNF and NGF expression in hippocampal tissue in animal models. Human data come largely from studies conducted in Russia, and how well those results generalize to other populations remains an open question. Regulatory status differs sharply by jurisdiction: Semax is a registered prescription medicine in Russia, while it holds no approved marketing status in the United States or the European Union. Outside such jurisdictions it is generally handled as a research chemical, which affects both documentation and quality expectations.
Terminology around the compound varies by source. It appears in catalogues and papers as Semax, as the heptapeptide ACTH(4-7)-Pro-Gly-Pro, and under various alphanumeric laboratory codes used by individual suppliers. These names refer to the same sequence but may imply different salt forms, purity grades, or counter-ions. Peptide databases usually list the free base mass, while product descriptions sometimes report acetate or trifluoroacetate salts with a different formula weight. Because naming conventions for research peptides are not standardised across vendors, checking the declared sequence and measured mass is more reliable than relying on a trade name alone.
Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide with the sequence Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro. Its design combines the ACTH(4-7) core fragment with a C-terminal Pro-Gly-Pro extension, a modification intended to improve stability and prolong activity. The molecule is hydrophilic, carries no lipid chains or glycosylation, and has a theoretical mass just over 810 daltons in its free form. All seven residues are proteinogenic amino acids, so no non-natural building blocks appear in the backbone. A free N-terminal methionine and C-terminal proline define the unmodified parent peptide.
The compound was developed during the 1980s at the Institute of Molecular Genetics in Moscow as part of research on fragments of adrenocorticotropic hormone. Early work examined short ACTH-derived sequences that retained neurotrophic effects while lacking the endocrine activity of the full hormone. Semax entered clinical use in Russia during the 1990s, where it received registration for several neurological indications. Outside that region it remained primarily a laboratory research material rather than an approved therapeutic. English-language literature on it grew more slowly and frequently cited the original Russian studies.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular weight | ~813.9 Da (free heptapeptide) | N-acetylated form is about 42 Da heavier |
| Residue count | 7 (heptapeptide) | Four residues from ACTH(4-10), three added |
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Usually supplied lyophilized |
| Solubility class | Freely soluble in water | Also dissolves in DMSO and polar organic solvents |
| Related parent fragment | ACTH(4-10) | Parent motif is Met-Glu-His-Phe |
Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide with the sequence Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro. It is described in the literature as an analogue of the ACTH(4–10) fragment, a short N-terminal portion of adrenocorticotropic hormone that retains some neurotropic activity without the full hormonal effects of the parent peptide. The molecule carries a methionine residue at the N-terminus and two proline residues near the C-terminus, features that shape both its interactions with receptor systems and its chemical stability. The free peptide corresponds to the formula C37H51N9O10S and a molecular mass near 813.9 Da.
The compound was developed in the 1980s at the Institute of Molecular Genetics in Moscow, where it emerged from research on short ACTH fragments and their effects on the central nervous system. Russian pharmaceutical listings describe it as a nootropic and neuroprotective agent, most often formulated as nasal drops. It is not a marketed medicine in the United States or the European Union, and no pharmacopoeial monograph covers it. Consequently, most published clinical experience with the substance originates from a small number of research centres, mainly in Russia and neighbouring countries.
Regulatory status varies sharply by country. Semax is registered for medical use in Russia, where it appears in formularies as a nasal solution, and it also holds registration in a small number of neighbouring states. It has no approval from the United States Food and Drug Administration or the European Medicines Agency, and it is not a scheduled controlled substance in most jurisdictions. Elsewhere it circulates mainly as laboratory material, so purity documentation comes from suppliers rather than from a national pharmacopoeia.
Semax is a synthetic peptide created in the Soviet Union during the early 1980s by researchers working in Moscow. It was built from the short adrenocorticotropic hormone fragment known as ACTH(4-10), and the chain was then extended with three additional amino acids. The resulting molecule was named semax and entered clinical use in Russia in 1994. It is generally described as a nootropic and neuroprotective agent rather than as a hormone analogue.
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=== 1966 === January 31: Luna 9 is launched. February 3: Luna 9 successfully lands on the Moon becoming the first spacecraft to softly land on another extraterrestrial body. March 1: Venera 3 becomes the first man-made object to impact another planet. March 10: France withdraws from NATO command structure. March 11: President Sukarno of Indonesia signs a document, handing over authority to Major General Suharto. This led to Suharto later establishing the pro-western and anti-communist New Order regime. This regime would remain in power until 1998. May 8: Communist China detonates a third nuclear device. May 26: Guiana becomes independent from the UK under Commonwealth status. May 30: Surveyor 1 is launched. June 2: Surveyor 1 becomes the first American spacecraft to softly land on another extraterrestrial body. August 11: The Jakarta Accord is signed by the Indonesian Foreign Minister Adam Malik and Malaysian Deputy Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Razak ending the hostility between Indonesia and Malaysia. August 26: South African Border War begins. September 30: Bechuanaland renamed Botswana becomes independent from the UK. October 5: Beginning of low-level armed clashes in Korean DMZ between North Korea and South Korea backed by the United States. November 30: Barbados becomes independent from the UK.
Caterpillar inflation is a method of specimen preservation found in insect collecting, used mostly during the 19th and early 20th century. As a method of preservation it has largely been replaced by freeze drying and preservation in alcohol. In some cases caterpillar inflation offers better colour retention than preservation in alcohol, although the rise of colour photography rendered this less important. A limitation of the technique was that it could produce poor results, in the form of oversized and distended specimens with poor colour, especially if carried out when the caterpillar was moulting or about to undergo pupation. Colour retention was not always perfect and some collectors painted or dyed their inflated specimens although water colours could distort the skin.
== Background == Crude oil contains sulfur in its composition, with the latter being the most abundant element after carbon and hydrogen. Depending on its source, the amount of sulfur present in crude oil can range from 0.05 to 10%. Accordingly, the oil can be classified as sweet or sour if the sulfur concentration is below or above 0.5%, respectively. The combustion of crude oil releases sulfur oxides (SOx) to the atmosphere, which are harmful to public health and contribute to serious environmental effects such as air pollution and acid rains. In addition, the sulfur content in crude oil is a major problem for refineries, as it promotes the corrosion of the equipment and the poisoning of the noble metal catalysts. The levels of sulfur in any oil field are too high for the fossil fuels derived from it (such as gasoline, diesel, or jet fuel ) to be used in combustion engines without pre-treatment to remove organosulfur compounds. The reduction of the concentration of sulfur in crude oil becomes necessary to mitigate one of the leading sources of the harmful health and environmental effects caused by its combustion. In this sense, the European Union has taken steps to decrease the sulfur content in diesel below 10 ppm, while the US has made efforts to restrict the sulfur content in diesel and gasoline to a maximum of 15 ppm. The reduction of sulfur compounds in oil fuels can be achieved by a process named desulfurization.
Following the initial sequential resonance assignment, it is usually possible to extend the assignment from the Cα and Cβ to the rest of the sidechain using experiments such as HCCH-TOCSY, which is basically a TOCSY experiment resolved in an additional carbon dimension.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
This was his best result in Miami since reaching the final in 2018. Zverev began his 2024 clay season seeded fifth at the Monte-Carlo Masters, receiving a bye into the second round and defeating Sebastian Ofner before losing to eventual champion Stefanos Tsitsipas in the third round. As the top seed at the BMW Open, Zverev received a bye into the second round and beat Jurij Rodionov before being upset by world No. 106 Cristian Garín in the quarterfinals. Seeded fourth in Madrid, Zverev reached the fourth round, beating Borna Ćorić and Denis Shapovalov before being upset by 21st seed Francisco Cerúndolo. Seeded third in Rome, Zverev won his sixth Masters title, defeating Aleksandar Vukic, Nuno Borges, Taylor Fritz, Alejandro Tabilo, and Nicolás Jarry in the final. This was his best result in Rome since winning his first Masters 1000 title at the 2017 Italian Open, and his first Masters title since 2021. At the French Open, Zverev contested Rafael Nadal's final match at the French Open, defeating the 14-time champion in straight sets to record Nadal's fourth ever defeat at the event. He went on to reach the semifinals, winning over David Goffin, Tallon Griekspoor, Holger Rune, and Alex de Minaur. He then defeated two-time finalist Casper Ruud to reach his first Major final since the 2020 US Open and his first on clay. In the deciding set of the final match, Alcaraz hit a second serve which was called out by the line judges. However, the chair umpire overruled the call, declaring the ball in.
In 1905, the Cossack hosts experienced deep mobilization of their menfolk amid the fighting of the Russo-Japanese War in Manchuria and the outbreak of revolution within the Russian Empire. Like other peoples of the empire, some Cossack stanitsas voiced grievances against the regime by defying mobilization orders, or by making relatively liberal political demands. But these infractions were eclipsed by the prominent role of Cossack detachments in stampeding demonstrators and restoring order in the countryside. Subsequently, the wider population viewed the Cossacks as instruments of reaction. Tsar Nicholas II reinforced this concept by issuing new charters, medals, and bonuses to Cossack units in recognition for their performance during the Revolution of 1905. In September 1906, reflecting the success of the Cossacks in putting down the Revolution of 1905, Polkovnik (Colonel) Vladimir Liakhov was sent to Iran to command the train and lead the Persian Cossack Brigade. Liakhov had led a Cossack squad in putting down the revolution in the Caucasus, and following the outbreak of the Constitutional Revolution in Iran he was sent to Tehran to recognize the Cossack Brigade as a force for power to the shah. The Persian Cossack Brigade had not been paid for months and proved to be dubious loyalty to the House of Qajar during the Constructional revolution while its Russian officers were uncertain what to do with Russia itself in revolution.
=== Peroxide stress response === In response to an increased flux of hydrogen peroxide and other organic peroxides such as tert-butyl hydroperoxide and cumene hydroperoxide, peroxide stimulon gets activated. Studies of E. coli response to H2O2 have shown that exposure to H2O2 elevated mRNA levels of 140 genes, of which 30 genes are members of the OxyR regulon. The genes include many genes coding for metabolic enzymes and antioxidant enzymes demonstrating the role of these enzymes in reorganization of metabolism under stress conditions.
Sinecatechins (Veregen) was the first botanical drug approved in the US in 2006; a green tea extract, for genital warts Crofelemer (Mytesi), approved by the FDA in 2012, an extract of "dragon's blood" sap of the Croton lechleri plant, for diarrhea in people with HIV/AIDS Nabiximols (USAN, trade name Sativex) is a specific extract of Cannabis approved as a botanical drug in the United Kingdom as a mouth spray for people with multiple sclerosis, who can use it to alleviate neuropathic pain, spasticity, overactive bladder, and other symptoms; it was developed by the UK company GW Pharmaceuticals Menerba is a botanical drug candidate consisting of 22 herbs that have been used historically in traditional Chinese medicine that act as a selective estrogen receptor modulator. As of 2015 the FDA had approved Bionovo's chemical manufacturing and controls and Menerba was in a Phase III clinical trial as a potential treatment to relieve hot flashes associated with menopause.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Technology == A cold-energy battery works by storing energy to a given temperature and using its thermal mass to maintain this temperature. It can be recharged by being placed in a temperature range applicable to its phase change window. Many hybrid shipping containers also incorporate temperature-monitoring systems that provide visibility into shipment conditions throughout transport.
Other religions in India (and population in the 2011 census) are Sarnaism (4.96 million) and Gondi-Koyapunem (1.03 million) and Sari dharma (510,000). In 1951—India's first postcolonial census—the percentage breakdown of India's religions was: Hindu (84.1%), Muslims (9.8%), Christians (2.3%), Sikhs (1.9%), Buddhists (0.7%) and Jains (0.5%); sixty years later, in India's last census (2011), the percentages were: Hindus (79.8%), Muslims (14.2%), Christians (2.3%), Sikhs (1.7%), Buddhists (0.7%) and Jains (0.4%) In absolute numbers, during the period 1951–2011, India's religious groups grew in the following manner: Hindus (304 million to 966 million), Muslims (35 million to 172 million), Christians (8.3 million to 28 million), Sikhs (6.82 million to 20.83 million), Buddhists (2.67 million to 8.44 million) and Jains (1.66 million to 4.45 million). In the decade 1951–1961, the population growth by religions was: Hindus (20.7%), Muslims (32.7%), Christians (29%), Sikhs (10.3%), Buddhists (5.9%), Jains (3.7%); in the decade 2001–2011, the growth was: Hindus (16.7%), Muslims (24.7%), Christians (15.7%), Sikhs (16.1%), Buddhists (4.8%), and Jains (2.2%). All religions have registered declining growth rates. Birth rates, population growth, and access to education influence how communities mobilise politically to preserve their places of worship, to manage charitable trusts, and to protect their family laws. Differences in states' laws, especially those prohibiting religious conversion—usually from Hinduism to other faiths—colour the daily lives of minority communities.
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C(OH)-N that crosslinked its backbone amide groups, forming a two-dimensional fabric. Other primary structures of proteins were proposed by various researchers, such as the diketopiperazine model of Emil Abderhalden and the pyrrol/piperidine model of Troensegaard in 1942. Although never given much credence, these alternative models were finally disproved when Frederick Sanger successfully sequenced insulin and by the crystallographic determination of myoglobin and hemoglobin by Max Perutz and John Kendrew.
== Function == TN-X is constitutively expressed in adult tissues such as skin, ligaments, tendons, lungs, kidneys, optic nerves, mammary and adrenal glands, blood vessels, testis, and ovaries. It is also found in different compartments of the digestive tract, including pancreas, stomach, jejunum, ileum, and colon. In this wide variety of organs, TN-X is mainly located within the connective tissue such as peritendineum (external structural component of tendons), epimysium and perimysium (muscle components), renal glomeruli, blood vessels and skin dermis. TN-X has been proposed to have an important structural and architectural function, especially within the skin. In fact, in vitro experiments demonstrate that TN-X physically interacts with fibrillar collagens type I, III and V, as well as FACIT (Fibrillar Associated Collagen with Interruption of the Triple helix) including type XII and XIV collagens. It also interacts with Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β which is a pro-fibrotic cytokine and Decorin, a small 100 kDa dermatan sulfate proteoglycan that is essential to collagen fibrillogenesis. In vivo, transmission electron microscopy coupled with immuno-labelling confirms the very close location of TN-X with collagen fibers in dermis, tendons and kidney glomeruli. In addition to this architectural function, TN-X also demonstrated counter-adhesive properties, at least for human osteosarcoma cells (MG-63), murine embryonic fibroblasts (MRC-5) as well as human endothelial cells (ECV-304).
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
The sequence is Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro, a seven-residue peptide. The first four residues correspond to the ACTH(4-10) fragment, and Pro-Gly-Pro is added at the C-terminus. N-acetylated versions also appear in the literature and differ in mass.
Semax is a synthetic analog of the ACTH(4-10) fragment rather than a copy of the full hormone. Truncation plus the added tail removes the steroidogenic portion of ACTH. That distinction explains why it is studied for nervous-system effects instead of adrenal stimulation.
It is registered as a prescription product in Russia and has been used there clinically, chiefly by the intranasal route. No approval exists in the United States or the European Union. Availability elsewhere typically falls under research-chemical distribution, with varying purity documentation.
It is a synthetic seven-amino-acid peptide built from the ACTH(4-7) sequence plus a Pro-Gly-Pro tail. It belongs to the family of short ACTH fragments studied for nervous-system effects. Its backbone contains only standard amino acids.